数据装载
数据的装载:
?SQL*LOADER
?外部表
?导入/导出
SQL*LOADER: SQL*LOADER是一个ORACLE工具,能够将数据从外部数据文件装载到 数据库中。 运行SQL*LOADER的命令是sqlldr。 Sqlldr的两种使用方式: 1. 只使用一个控制文件,在这个控制文件中包含数据 2. 使用一个控制文件(作为模板) 和一个数据文件 一般采用第二种方式,数据文件可以是 CSV 文件、txt文件或者以其他分割符分隔的。
说明:操作类型 可用以下中的一值:
1) insert --为缺省方式,在数据装载开始时要求表为空
2) append --在表中追加新记录
3) replace --删除旧记录(用 delete from table 语句),替换成新装载的记录
4) truncate --删除旧记录(用 truncate table 语句),替换成新装载的记录
通过spool来制作数据文件:--可以查询帮助文档的示例代码 SQL> spool /u01/app/oracle/test_data_loader/student.txt--开启spool导出数据文件 SQL> select id ||',' || name ||',' || age ||',' || inner_date from student;--导出数据 ID||','||NAME||','||AGE||','||INNER_DATE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,zhangsan,21,23-JAN-15 2,lisi,22,23-JAN-15 3,wangwu,23,23-JAN-15 SQL> spool off;--关闭 SQL> exit Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.txt--可以查看到导出的数据记录 SQL> select id ||',' || name ||',' || age ||',' || inner_date from student; ID||','||NAME||','||AGE||','||INNER_DATE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1,zhangsan,21,23-JAN-15 2,lisi,22,23-JAN-15 3,wangwu,23,23-JAN-15 SQL> spool off; 写配置文件: [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ vi student.ctl [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.ctl options(skip=4)--表示前面的四行 load data--导入数据 infile 'student.txt'--通过该文件导入数据 into table student--导入的表 insert--执行的是插入操作 fields terminated by ','--记录中的分割符 ( id char,--注意虽然表中是number类型,但是要写char类型 name char, age char, inner_date date nullif (inner_date = "null")) [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ 既然是insert操作所以: SQL> truncate table student;--清空表,由于执行的是插入操作 Table truncated. SQL> select * from student; no rows selected 执行sqlldr操作: [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ sqlldr hr/hr control= student.ctl log = student.log SQL*Loader: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Commit point reached - logical record count 4 [oracle@localhost test_data_loader]$ cat student.log SQL*Loader: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Fri Jan 23 23:11:08 2015 Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Control File: student.ctl Data File: student.txt Bad File: student.bad Discard File: none specified (Allow all discards) Number to load: ALL Number to skip: 4 Errors allowed: 50 Bind array: 64 rows, maximum of 256000 bytes Continuation: none specified Path used: Conventional Table STUDENT, loaded from every logical record. Insert option in effect for this table: INSERT Column Name Position Len Term Encl Datatype ------------------------------ ---------- ----- ---- ---- --------------------- ID FIRST * , CHARACTER NAME NEXT * , CHARACTER AGE NEXT * , CHARACTER INNER_DATE NEXT * , DATE DD-MON-RR NULL if INNER_DATE = 0X6e756c6c(character 'null') Record 4: Rejected - Error on table STUDENT, column ID. Column not found before end of logical record (use TRAILING NULLCOLS) Table STUDENT: 3 Rows successfully loaded. 1 Row not loaded due to data errors. 0 Rows not loaded because all WHEN clauses were failed. 0 Ro